Finally, a
short section highlights follow-up actions to be taken by the
village society, the division-level working group, and the
state-level working group.
This format
evolved after Forest Department officers complained that they did
not have time to read longer reports. Now if they see an
interesting issue or decision highlighted on the cover sheet, they
can read about it in more detail inside. Before monthly meetings of
division-level working groups or periodic meetings of state-level
working groups, the process documentation reports can easily be
reviewed. Moreover, the section highlighting actions for follow-up
can be used to develop the agendas for working-group meetings
and/or for meetings of the village societies. The agendas then
reflect results-oriented actions and decisions, whether they are
policy corrections or specific guidelines to individual officers in
the field to remove an obstacle in implementation. Minutes are
taken in the same format, with process-related observations being
made where possible and appropriate. These minutes are signed by
the officer in charge and shared at the operational level. They
become, in effect, implementation orders and instructions for
action.
These
documents have provided a continuous operational feedback system
between village communities and the Forest Department. They have
established channels for the flow of information and a data base of
field experiences. They are useful in policy tuning, in training,
and in planning at all levels.
Process
documentation is a simple approach accessible to both the
village-level organizations and forest departments. Development of
process documentation has allowed forest department staff to move
away from a monitoring system focused on achieving conventional
target measures of success, such as the number of nurseries
established or the number of meetings held. Instead, it emphasizes
an understanding of development as a social process and establishes
continuous feedback systems that allow department staff to identify
problems and respond in a timely fashion. With process
documentation, the views of local people can be integrated into the
planning system and institutionalized in mainstream forestry
department practices.
Incorporating Social Science Approaches
in Training and Education
As experience
with social science approaches to natural resource management has
grown, they have been adopted as routine practices within
government bureaucracies. Training courses for government forestry
staff now regularly include skills development in participatory
techniques. Several countries have produced new guidelines and
manuals for field workers' activities that measure both the social
and the physical effects of development interventions.
For example,
a 1991 series of handbooks developed for staff of the Philippines
DENR includes Monitoring and Evaluation Handbook for
Participatory Integrated